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| Subject matter of the mind: literature, intellectual history, philosophy, religion |
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| The same education for all |
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| IdealismPreferred teaching method |
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| Teaching for the handling of ideas: lecture, discussion |
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| IdealismCharacter development |
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| Imitation of exemplars, heroes |
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| IdealismAesthetic development |
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| Study of the master-works; values of the past heritage |
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| Subject matter of the physical world: mathematics, science |
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| Subject matter of social experience |
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| ExistentialismLearning focus |
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| Subject matter of personal choice |
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| Mastery of laws of the universe |
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| PragmatismCurriculum goal |
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| Creation of a new social order |
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| ExistentialismCurriculum goal |
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| Personal freedom and development |
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| RealismPreferred teaching method |
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| Teaching for mastery of information and skills: demonstration, recitation |
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| PragmatismPreferred teaching method |
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| Problem solving: project method, product development |
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| ExistentialismPreferred teaching method |
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| Individual exploration: discovery method, authentic pedagogy |
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| RealismCharacter development |
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| Training in rules of conduct |
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| PragmatismCharacter development |
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| Group decision making in light of consequences |
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| ExistentialismCharacter development |
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| Development of individual responsibility for decisions and preferences |
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| RealismAesthetic development |
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| Study of design in nature |
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| PragmatismAesthetic development |
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| Participation in art projects based on cross-cultural and universal values |
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| ExistentialismAesthetic development |
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| Development of a personal view of the world; self-initiated activities |
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| An educational philosophy that holds that there is a common core of information and skills that an educated person must have; schools should be organized to transmit this core of essential material. |
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| (1) a core of information, (2) hard work and mental discipline, and (3) teacher-centered instruction. |
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| Transmit cultural heritage and develop good citizens. The role of the student is that of a learner. School is a place where children come to learn what they need to know, and the teacher is the person who can best instruct students in essential matters.
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| Student CenteredClassroom Organization |
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| Open; flexible classroom furniture arrangement and teaching; |
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| Student CenteredMotivation |
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| Student CenteredDiscipline |
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| Equal teacher and learner control |
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| Student CenteredClassroom Climate |
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| Teacher encourages student voices; community of inquirers |
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| Student CenteredLearning Focus |
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| Divergent points of view; diverse subject matter |
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| Student CenteredTeaching Styles |
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| Considerably less teacher talk, more learner talk; discovery based learning |
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| Student CenteredLeadership Styles |
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| Teacher is model of participatory authority and evaluation. |
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| concerned with enhancing the innate goodness of the individual. It rejects a group-oriented educational system and seeks ways to enhance the individual development of the student. |
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| completely autonomous person |
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| emphasizes developing personal meaning through hands-on, activity-based teaching and learning |
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| An educational philosophy that emphasizes that ideas should be tested by experimentation and that learning is rooted in questions developed by the learner. |
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| A social theory and educational philosophy that limits truth and knowledge to what is observable and measurable. |
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